Keunggulan Nutrisi Ikan dan Fungsinya bagi Kesehatan

Keunggulan Nutrisi Ikan dan Fungsinya bagi Kesehatan

Ikan merupakan salah satu bahan makanan yang mengandung berbagai macam zat nutrisi. Sebagai salah satu sumber protein hewani, ikan mengandung asam lemak tak jenuh (omega-3, Eicosapentaenoic acid /EPA, Docosahexanoic acid /DHA), yodium, selenium, flourida, zat besi, magnesium, zink, taurin, coenzyme Q10.

Disamping itu, ikan juga mengandung kalori yang rendah. Kekerangan mempunyai kandungan zat gizi yang hampir sama dengan ikan. Sedangkan Crustaceamengandung dua kali lebih banyak kolesterol dibanding ikan dan molusca diklasifikasikan makanan yang tinggi kolesterol. Namun demikian, kandungan omega-3 dan nutrisi lainnya dalam Crustacea dan mulusca juga tinggi. Bahkan beberapa ahli nutrisi juga mengungkapkan tingginya kolesterol dalam makanan tidak selalu menjadi prediksi tingginya kolesterol dalam darah. Oleh karena itu, mengkonsumsi Crustacea dan mulusca dua kali seminggu masih memiliki efek positif yang lebih besar dibandingkan dengan efek negatifnya.

Selenium

Selenium sudah diakui sebagai unsur esensial bagi manusia dan merupakan bagian penting dari enzym yang berperan dalam membuat antioksidan. Selenium membantu mencegah kerusakan DNA yang disebabkan zat kimiawi dan radiasi. Hasil penelitian pada hewan percobaan menunjukkan kekurangan selenium menimbulkan gejala pertumbuhan lambat; dystrophy otot dan necrosis jantung, ginjal dan hati. Bagi daerah/negara yang tingkat kandungan selenium dalam tanahnya rendah seperti Australia, maka mengkonsumsi ikan menjadi faktor yang amat penting untuk mencegah kekurangan selenium.

Co-enzyme Q10

Ikan adalah salah satu sumber co-enzym Q10 yang sangat baik. Walaupun lebih dari 40 tahun yang lalu co-enzym Q10 telah dikenal berfungsi sebagai suatu antioksidan, namun baru akhir-akhir ini mendapat perhatian berkaitan dengan sumber makanannya. Konsentrasi co-enzym meningkat dibawah pengaruh tekanan seperti latihan fisik dan dalam kondisi degeneratif otak, seperti penyakit kepikunan / alzheimer. Dilaporkan juga bahwa konsentrasi co-enzym menurun pada beberapa penyakit termasuk penyakit degenerasi otot dan carcinomas hati. Walaupun co-enzyme Q10 dapat dibangun dalam tubuh, namun asupan dari makanan masih sangat diperlukan.

Taurin

Seafood banyak mengandung taurin. Asam amino ini telah diketahui berperan dalam formasi dan ekskresi garam empedu, yang dipecah menjadi kolesterol. Taurin juga berperan dalam fungsi retina dan fungsi kognitif.

Asam lemak tak jenuh

Seafood mengandung asam lemak tak jenuh omega-3, Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) dan Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) yang sangat tinggi. Kandungan omega-3 pada ikan jauh lebih tinggi dibanding sumber protein hewani lain seperti daging sapi dan ayam. Daging babi bahkan sama sekali tidak mengandung omega-3. Tubuh manusia dapat membentuk beberapa tipe asam lemak, namun demikian asupan asam lemak essensial khususnya asam lemak tak jenuh omega-3 dan omega-6 masih diperlukan. Sumber utama omega-3 adalah seafood dan tanaman seperti kacang kedelai, kanola, biji rami. Sedangkan sumber utama omega-6 juga ditemukan dalam semua jenisseafood seperti Crustacea, mulusca, ikan dan tanaman seperti bunga matahari, jagung dan kedele. Konsumsi makanan yang berasal dari tanaman yang mengandung omega-6 menyebabkan rasio omega-3 dengan omega-6 menjadi rendah karena kandungan omega-3 pada tanaman jauh lebih rendah dibanding makanan dari ikan. Konsumsi ikan secara teratur memegang peranan penting dalam memenuhi rasio omega-3 dan omega-6. Untuk pencegahan terhadap kekurangan asam lemak esensial, ahli nutrisi menyarankan manusia harus mengkonsumsi tidak kurang dari 2,4% dari total asupan omega-6 dan 0,5-1,0% dari total asupan omega-3.

Makan ikan atau suplemen minyak ikan ?

Banyaknya manfaat omega-3 terhadap kesehatan, mendorong berbagai perusahaan makanan menerapkan strategi bisnisnya untuk menarik konsumen dengan memfortifikasi omega 3 dalam produknya. Demikian juga, dengan makin maraknya perusahaan obat-obatan yang memproduk-si suplemen minyak ikan. Minyak ikan mempunyai konsentrasi kandungan omega-3 yang lebih tinggi dibanding ikan utuh, sehingga dapat dijadikan pilihan alternatif khususnya bagi orang yang bermasalah untuk makan ikan atau orang yang memerlukan asupan omega-3 dalam jumlah banyak. Sebagai contoh, untuk memperoleh efek omega 3 dalam menurunkan konsentrasi triglyceride (lemak dalam darah), mengurangi resiko denyut jantung yang tidak normal dan mengoreksi depresi diperlukan asupan omega 3 dalam jumlah tertentu. Untuk memperoleh efek tersebut diatas, sebagian orang harus makan ikan setara 2 – 3 kali dengan 100 gram per sekali makan dalam sehari atau sekitar 6-9 gram minyak ikan per hari (rata rata 100 gram ikan mengandung minyak ikan sekitar 3 gram).

Minyak ikan mempunyai pengaruh yang lebih cepat dibanding dengan makan ikan. Namun demikian, beberapa manfaat makan ikan terhadap beberapa penyakit tidak dapat diperoleh dengan mengkon¬sumsi minyak ikan. Bagi penderita tekanan darah tinggi misalnya, akan lebih berman-faat makan ikan daripada minyak ikan karena penurunan tekanan darah disebab¬kan oleh tingginya proporsi DHA dan EPA. Ikan lebih banyak mengandung DHA dan EPA dibandingkan minyak ikan.

Beberapa nutrisi dalam ikan seperti protein dengan asam aminonya, micronutrient, co-enzym Q10 tidak ditemukan dalam minyak ikan. Ikan juga mengandung faktor anti-oksidan yang melindungi asam lemak tak jenuh dari oksidasi sebelum dan sesudah proses pencernaan, sedangkan minyak ikan tidak mengandung anti-oksidan tersebut.

Guna memperoleh asupan omega-3 berlebihan, menggunakan minyak ikan memang lebih praktis. Hanya saja, mengkonsumsi minyak ikan secara berlebihan akan mempunyai efek negatif terhadap kesehatan diantaranya adalah kecenderungan pendarahan, kecenderungan peningkatan kolesterol (tidak hanya kolesterol baik/HDL tetapi juga kolesterol jahat/LDL) khususnya untuk penderita diabetes dan penderita yang sedang menurunkan triglyceride.

Secara umum ikan tetap lebih bermanfaat dibandingkan minyak ikan, kecuali bagi orang tertentu yang mempunyai masalah makan ikan dan bagi orang yang memerlukan asupan omega-3 dalam jumlah besar. Bagi orang tersebut maka minyak ikan dapat dijadikan alternatif dalam menjaga kesehatan. Namun demikian, perlu adanya pengawasan medis yang ketat apabila minyak ikan tersebut digunakan dalam jumlah banyak.

Secara keseluruhan protein, vitamin, mineral dan asam lemak omega-3 yang dikandung dalam ikan mempunyai peran dalam kesehatan tubuh manusia baik di bagian otak, mata, jantung, paru-paru, otot, pencernaan, kulit maupun persendian.

Kandungan nutrisi ikan yang luar biasa tersebut, menyebabkan penting-nya ikan dalam diet diperluas dari diet untuk menyembuhkan penyakit menjadi diet untuk pencegahan penyakit. Jadi anda tak perlu lagi takut menya-jikan dan mengkonsumsi ikan. Mengkonsumsi ikan minimal 2 – 3 kali seminggu adalah pilihan yang bijaksa-na, karena anda telah melakukan pencegahan terhadap beberapa penyakit. Disamping itu, efek jangka panjangnya generasi yang akan datang diharapkan akan menjadi cerdas dan sehat.

Sumber : Warta Pasar Ikan Edisi Januari 2007

MACAM DAN JENIS KAPAL KAPAL SERTA FUNGSI YG ADA DI DUNIA PELAYARAN

Banyak orang awan yg belum paham dgn scope kerja pelaut. dan bahkan pelaut tsb yg baru terjun belum memahami dgn baik.makanya hari ini aku mau nulis tentang yg satu ini tentang macam jenis kapal dan fungsinya. kata istilah kapal adalah sarana alat angkut/tranfortasi yg di gunakan sebagai kendaran di atas air baik yg mengunakan mesin atau mengunakan layar sebagi tenaga penggerakanya. nah. kapal yg ada saat ini macam macam typenya: 

1. tanker, is a ship designed to transport liquids in bulk. Major types of tankship include the oil tanker, the chemical tanker, and the liquefied natural gas carrier.

kapal tannker ini pun dalam pengangkutan di bagi bagi lagi dari jenis atau typenya . juga akan berbeda beda. makin berbahaya muatan yg di bawah maka  system design kapal itu pun akan makin canggih. demi keselamatan si awak kapal tsb.

2. car carrier shi/ Roll-on/roll-off (RORO or ro-ro) ships are vessels designed to carry wheeled cargo such as automobiles, trucks, semi-trailer trucks, trailers or railroad cars that are driven on and off the ship on their own wheels. This is in contrast to lo-lo (lift on-lift off) vessels which use a crane to load and unload cargo.
RORO vessels have built-in ramps which allow the cargo to be efficiently "rolled on" and "rolled off" the vessel when in port. While smaller ferries that operate across rivers and other short distances still often have built-in ramps, the term RORO is generally reserved for larger ocean-going vessels. The ramps and doors may be stern-only, or bow and stern for quick loading.

3. A ferry (or ferryboat) is a form of transport, usually a boat or ship, used to carry (or ferry) passengers and their vehicles across a body of water. Ferries are also used to transport freight (in lorries and sometimes unpowered freight containers) and even railroad cars. Most ferries operate on regular, frequent, return services. A foot-passenger ferry with many stops, such as in Venice, is sometimes called a water bus or water taxi.

3. A cruise ship or cruise liner is a passenger ship used for pleasure voyages, where the voyage itself and the ship's amenities are part of the experience. Cruising has become a major part of the tourism industry, with millions of passengers each year. . Cruise ships operate mostly on routes that return passengers to their originating port. In contrast, dedicated transport oriented ocean liners do "line voyages" and typically transport passengers from one point to another, rather than on round trips. Some cruise ships also engage in longer trips which may not lead back to the same port for many months (longer round trips

4. Container ships are cargo ships that carry all of their load in truck-size intermodal containers, in a technique called containerization. They form a common means of commercial intermodal freight transport.dgn system containerization maka pemuatan dan pembongkaran akan menjadi cepat. biasanya 4 s/d 6 jam kapal sudah siap untuk berlayar kembali.

5. A bulk carrier, bulk freighter, or bulker is a merchant ship specially designed to transport unpackaged bulk cargo, such as grains, coal, ore, and cement in its cargo holds. kelebihan dari kapal ini adalah daya angkut yg besar karena broken stowagenya pun kecil.

6. A barge is a flat-bottomed boat, built mainly for river and canal transport of heavy goods. Some barges are not self-propelled and need to be towed by tugboats or pushed by towboats. 

7. Hopper barge is a kind of non-mechanical ship or vessel that cannot move around by itself, unlike some other types of barges. Designed to carry materials, like rocks, sand, soil and rubbish, for dumping into the ocean, a river or lake for land reclamation.

8. A heavy lift ship is a vessel designed to move loads that cannot be handled by normally equipped ships. They are of two types: semi-submersibles capable of lifting another ship out of the water and transporting it; and vessels that augment unloading facilities at inadequately equipped ports.

9. A Floating Production, Storage and Offloading vessel (FPSO; also called a "unit" and a "system") is a type of floating tank system used by the offshore oil and gas industry and designed to take all of the oil or gas produced from nearby platforms or templates, process it, and store it until the oil or gas can be offloaded onto a tanker or transported through a pipeline.

10. A diving support vessel is a ship that is used as a floating base for professional diving projects

11. A fireboat is a specialized watercraft, often resembling a tugboat, with pumps and nozzles designed for fighting shoreline and shipboard fires.

12. A Platform supply vessel (often abbreviated as PSV) is a ship specially designed to supply offshore oil platforms. These ships range from 65 to 350 feet in length and accomplish a variety of tasks. The primary function for most of these vessels is transportation of goods and personnel to and from offshore oil platforms and other offshore structures

13. A tugboat (tug) is a boat that maneuvers vessels by pushing or towing them. Tugs move vessels that should not move themselves alone, such as ships in a crowded harbor or a narrow canal, or those that cannot move themselves, such as barges, disabled ships, or oil platforms. Tugboats are powerful for their size and strongly built, some are ocean-going. Some tugboats serve as icebreakers or salvage boats. Early tugboats had steam engines; today diesel engines are used.

14. A cable layer or cable ship is a deep-sea vessel designed and used to lay underwater cables for telecommunications, electricity, and such. A large superstructure, and one or more spools that feed off the transom, distinguish it from other types of ship.

15. A crane vessel, crane ship or floating crane is a ship that is specialized in lifting heavy loads. The largest crane vessels are often used for offshore construction. The larger vessels are often semi-submersibles, but also conventional monohulls are used. One of the differences with a sheerleg is that the cranes can rotate.

16. A drillship is a maritime vessel that has been fitted with drilling apparatus. It is most often used for exploratory drilling of new oil or gas wells in deep water or for scientific drilling. The drillship can also be used as a platform to carry out well maintenance or completion work such as casing and tubing installation or subsea tree installations. It is often built to the design specification of the oil production company and/or investors, but can also be a modified tanker hull outfitted with a dynamic positioning system to maintain its position over the well.Drillships are just one way to perform exploratory drilling. This function can also be performed by Semi-submersibles, jackup barges, barges, or platform rigs.

17. Dredging is an excavation activity or operation usually carried out at least partly underwater, in shallow seas or fresh water areas with the purpose of gathering up bottom sediments and disposing of them at a different location.A dredge is a device for scraping or sucking the seabed, Dredging can produce materials for land reclamation or other purposes (usually construction-related),

18. A fishing vessel is a boat or ship used to catch fish in the sea, or on a lake or river. Many different kinds of vessels are used in commercial, artisanal and recreational fishing.

19. research vessel (RV or R/V) is a ship designed and equipped to carry out research at sea. Research vessels carry out a number of roles. Some of these roles can be combined into a single vessel, others require a dedicated vessel.

 20. Harbor tugs. Historically tugboats were the first seagoing vessels to receive steam propulsion, freedom from the restraint of the wind, and capability of going in any direction. As such, they were employed in harbors to assist ships in docking and departure

Tugboats are highly maneuverable, and various propulsion systems have been developed to increase maneuverability and increase safety. The earliest tugs were fitted with paddle wheels, but these were soon replaced by propeller-driven tugs. Kort nozzles have been added to increase thrust per kW/hp. This was followed by the nozzle-rudder, which omitted the need for a conventional rudder. The cycloidal propeller was developed prior to World War II and was occasionally used in tugs because of its maneuverability. After World War II it was also linked to safety due to the development of the Voith Water Tractor, a tugboat configuration which could not be pulled over by its tow. In the late 1950s, the Z-drive or (azimuth thruster) was developed. Although sometimes referred to as the Schottel system, many brands exist: Schottel, Z-Peller, Duckpeller, Thrustmaster, Ulstein, Wärtsilä, etc. The propulsion systems are used on tugboats designed for tasks such as ship docking and marine construction. Conventional propeller/rudder configurations are more efficient for port-to-port towing.

21. A cargo ship or freighter is any sort of ship or vessel that carries cargo, goods, and materials from one port to another. Thousands of cargo carriers ply the world's seas and oceans each year; they handle the bulk of international trade. Cargo ships are usually specially designed for the task, often being equipped with cranes and other mechanisms to load and unload, and come in all sizes

22. A warship is a ship that is built and primarily intended for combat. Warships are usually built in a completely different way than merchant ships. As well as being armed, warships are designed to withstand damage and are usually faster and more maneuverable than merchant ships. Unlike a merchant ship, a warship typically only carries weapons, ammunition and supplies for its own crew (rather than merchant cargo). Warships usually belong to a navy

23. Sailing ship is now used to refer to any large wind-powered vessel. In technical terms, a ship was a sailing vessel with a specific rig of at least three masts, square rigged on all of them, making the sailing adjective redundant. In popular usage "ship" became associated with all large sailing vessels and when steam power came along the adjective became necessary. Large sailing vessels which are not ship rigged may be more appropriately called boats.

24. A submarine is a watercraft capable of independent operation below the surface of the water. It differs from a submersible, which has only limited underwater capability. The term submarine most commonly refers to large crewed autonomous vessels; however, historically or more casually, submarine can also refer to medium sized or smaller vessels (midget submarines, wet subs), Remotely Operated Vehicles or robots. The word submarine was originally an adjective meaning "under the sea", and so consequently other uses such as "submarine engineering" or "submarine cable" may not actually refer to submarines at all. Submarine was shortened from the term "submarine boat".

25. The Landing Craft, Tank (Landing Craft Tank) was an amphibious assault ship for landing tanks on beachheads. The first examples appeared during the Second World War. They were used by the Royal Navy and U.S. Navy in World War II. The latter used them afterwards under different designations in the Korean War and the Vietnam War. During WWII, they were commonly called by their abbreviation, LCT.

kalau mau di jabarkan lagi, akan lebih panjang ceritanya seperti contoh untuk satu kapal saja seperti tanker sudahh banyak jenisnya dari Chemical tanker, Oil tanker, LNG carrier, LPG carrier, dan sebagainya.rangkuman di atas hanya sekedar garis besarnya saja. yg memudah orang mengenali dari scope kerja kapal kapal yg ada saat ini

Diposkan oleh Ridwan garcia di 22:14

mobil pembawa shi / Roll-on/roll-off (RORO atau ro-ro) kapal adalah kapal dirancang untuk membawa kargo beroda seperti mobil, truk, semi-trailer truk, trailer atau gerbong kereta yang didorong dan mematikan kapal pada mereka sendiri roda. Hal ini berbedauntuk lo-lo (lift on-lift off) yang menggunakan crane kapal untuk memuat danmembongkar muatan.
Kapal RORO memiliki built-in landai yang memungkinkan kargo untuk secara efisien"bergulir" dan "berguling dari" kapal saat di pelabuhan. Sementara feri yang lebih kecilyang beroperasi melintasi sungai dan jarak pendek lainnya masih sering memiliki built-in landai, maka RORO istilah umumnya dicadangkan untuk lebih besar kapal laut-pergi.Para landai dan pintu keras-mungkin saja, atau busur dan keras untuk loading cepat.

PROPOSAL

PERMOHONAN MAGANG BALAI BESAR KARANTINA IKAN SOEKARNO-HATTA d/ a gedung karantina pertanian , area perkantoran bandara soekarno - hatta tangerang 19120 , banten tlp : (021) 5507932, 55915059 fax : (021) 5506738

“sebagai media pengembangan wawasan dan pengalaman mahasiswa dalam melakukan pekerjaan yang sesuai dengan keahlian yang dimiliki”

Penyusun :

Muhamad Isep Nurhamid    (4443090747)

Daniel santara                       (4443090885)

Heri Margatama                    (4443090807)

Sumarna                                (4443091234)

Imamul Fawaz                       (4443090781)

JURUSAN PERIKANAN, FAKULTAS PERTANIAN

UNIVERSITAS SULTAN AGENG TIRTAYASA

2011

LEMBAR PENGESAHAN

Judul Proposal : Permohonan Magang BALAI BESAR KARANTINA IKAN SOEKARNO-HATTA d/ a Gedung Karantina Pertanian , Area Perkantoran Bandara Soekarno - Hatta Tangerang 19120 , Banten Tlp : (021) 5507932, 55915059 Fax : (021) 5506738

No.	Nama	NIM	ALAMAT
1	Muhamad Isep Nurhamid	4443090747	Tangerang
2	Daniel santara	4443090885	Tangerang
3	Sumarna	4443091234	Rangkas
4	Imamul Fawaz	4443090781	Serang
5	Heri Margatama	4443090807	Bogor

Disetujui

Pembimbing

Sakinah Haryati M.SI

NIP. 197507122008122001

Diketahui

Ketua Departemen Perikanan

Jurusan Perikanan, Fakultas Pertanian

Universitas Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa

Sulaeni SP.M.SI

NIP. 132297103